Java Servlets are programs that run on a Web or Application server and act as a middle layer between a request coming from a Web browser or other HTTP client and databases or applications on the HTTP server.

Using Servlets, you can collect input from users through web page forms, present records from a database or another source, and create web pages dynamically.

Java Servlets often serve the same purpose as programs implemented using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). But Servlets offer several advantages in comparison with the CGI.

Performance is significantly better.
Servlets execute within the address space of a Web server. It is not necessary to create a separate process to handle each client request.
Servlets are platform-independent because they are written in Java.
Java security manager on the server enforces a set of restrictions to protect the resources on a server machine. So, servlets are trusted.
The full functionality of the Java class libraries is available to a servlet. It can communicate with applets, databases, or other software via the sockets and RMI mechanisms that you have seen already.

Servlets Architecture

The following diagram shows the position of Servlets in a Web Application.

11.1

Servlets Tasks

Servlets perform the following major tasks −

Read the explicit data sent by the clients (browsers). This includes an HTML form on a Web page or it could also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client program.
Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the clients (browsers). This includes cookies, media types and compression scheme the browser understands, and so forth.
Process the data and generate the results. This process may require talking to a database, executing an RMI or CORBA call, invoking a Web service, or computing the response directly.
Send the explicit data (i.e., the document) to the clients (browsers). This document can be sent in a variety of formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF images), Excel, etc.
Send the implicit HTTP response to the clients (browsers). This includes telling the browsers or other client’s what type of document is being returned (e.g., HTML), setting cookies and caching parameters, and other such tasks.

Servlets Packages

Java Servlets are Java classes run by a web server that has an interpreter that supports the Java Servlet specification.

Servlets can be created using the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages, which are a standard part of the Java’s enterprise edition, an expanded version of the Java class library that supports large-scale development projects.

These classes implement the Java Servlet and JSP specifications. At the time of writing this tutorial, the versions are Java Servlet 2.5 and JSP 2.1.

Java servlets have been created and compiled just like any other Java class. After you install the servlet packages and add them to your computer’s Classpath, you can compile servlets with the JDK’s Java compiler or any other current compiler.

Servlets – Environment Setup

A development environment is where you would develop your Servlet, test them and finally run them.

Like any other Java program, you need to compile a servlet by using the Java compiler javac and after compilation the servlet application, it would be deployed in a configured environment to test and run..

This development environment setup involves the following steps −

Setting up Java Development Kit

This step involves downloading an implementation of the Java Software Development Kit (SDK) and setting up PATH environment variable appropriately.

You can download SDK from Oracle’s Java site − Java SE Downloads.

Once you download your Java implementation, follow the given instructions to install and configure the setup. Finally set PATH and JAVA_HOME environment variables to refer to the directory that contains java and javac, typically java_install_dir/bin and java_install_dir respectively.

If you are running Windows and installed the SDK in C:\jdk1.8.0_65, you would put the following line in your C:\autoexec.bat file.

set PATH = C:\jdk1.8.0_65\bin;%PATH%

set JAVA_HOME = C:\jdk1.8.0_65

Alternatively, on Windows NT/2000/XP, you could also right-click on My Computer, select Properties, then Advanced, then Environment Variables. Then, you would update the PATH value and press the OK button.

On Unix (Solaris, Linux, etc.), if the SDK is installed in /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_65 and you use the C shell, you would put the following into your .cshrc file.

setenv PATH /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_65/bin:$PATH

setenv JAVA_HOME /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_65

Alternatively, if you use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like Borland JBuilder, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or Sun ONE Studio, compile and run a simple program to confirm that the IDE knows where you installed Java.

Setting up Web Server − Tomcat

A number of Web Servers that support servlets are available in the market. Some web servers are freely downloadable and Tomcat is one of them.

Apache Tomcat is an open-source software implementation of the Java Servlet and Java Server Pages technologies and can act as a standalone server for testing servlets and can be integrated with the Apache Web Server. Here are the steps to setup Tomcat on your machine −

Download latest version of Tomcat from https://tomcat.apache.org/.
Once you downloaded the installation, unpack the binary distribution into a convenient location. For example, in C:\apache-tomcat-8.0.28 on windows, or /usr/local/apache-tomcat-8.0.289 on Linux/Unix and create CATALINA_HOME environment variable pointing to these locations.

Tomcat can be started by executing the following commands on windows machine −

%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\startup.bat

or

C:\apache-tomcat-8.0.28\bin\startup.bat

Tomcat can be started by executing the following commands on Unix (Solaris, Linux, etc.) machine −

$CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh

or

/usr/local/apache-tomcat-8.0.28/bin/startup.sh

After startup, the default web applications included with Tomcat will be available by visiting http://localhost:8080/. If everything is fine then it should display following result −

Further information about configuring and running Tomcat can be found in the documentation included here, as well as on the Tomcat web site − http://tomcat.apache.org

Tomcat can be stopped by executing the following commands on windows machine −

C:\apache-tomcat-8.0.28\bin\shutdown

Tomcat can be stopped by executing the following commands on Unix (Solaris, Linux, etc.) machine −

/usr/local/apache-tomcat-8.0.28/bin/shutdown.sh

Setting Up the CLASSPATH

Since servlets are not part of the Java Platform, Standard Edition, you must identify the servlet classes to the compiler.

If you are running Windows, you need to put the following lines in your C:\autoexec.bat file.

set CATALINA = C:\apache-tomcat-8.0.28

set CLASSPATH = %CATALINA%\common\lib\servlet-api.jar;%CLASSPATH%

Alternatively, on Windows NT/2000/XP, you could go to My Computer −> Properties −> Advanced −> Environment Variables. Then, you would update the CLASSPATH value and press the OK button.

On Unix (Solaris, Linux, etc.), if you are using the C shell, you would put the following lines into your .cshrc file.

setenv CATALINA = /usr/local/apache-tomcat-8.0.28

setenv CLASSPATH $CATALINA/common/lib/servlet-api.jar:$CLASSPATH

NOTE − Assuming that your development directory is C:\ServletDevel (Windows) or /usr/ServletDevel (Unix) then you would need to add these directories as well in CLASSPATH in similar way as you have added above.

11.2

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Java Fundamentals
Introduction to Java Basics
Features of Java
Various components of Java language
Benefits of Java over other programming languages
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Installation and IDE’s for Java Programming Language

Installation of Java
Setting up of Eclipse IDE
Components of Java Program
Editors and IDEs used for Java Programming
Writing a Simple Java Program

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Data types, Operations, Compilation process, Class files, Loops, Conditions
Using Loop Constructs
Arrays- Single Dimensional and Multi-Dimensional
Functions
Functions with Arguments

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String Handling –String Class
Java Packages

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Introduction to multi-threading in Java
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File Handling in Java

Input Output Streams
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File Handling in Java

Java Collections

Wrapper Classes and Inner Classes: Integer, Character, Boolean, Float etc
Applet Programs: How to write UI programs with Applet, Java.lang, Java.io, Java.util
Collections: ArrayList, Vector, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, HashTable

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

Introduction to SQL: Connect, Insert, Update, Delete, Select
Introduction to JDBC and Architecture of JDBC
Insert/Update/Delete/Select Operations using JDBC
Batch Processing Transaction
Management: Commit and Rollback

Java Enterprise Edition – Servlets

Introduction to J2EE
Client Server architecture
URL, Port Number, Request, Response
Need for servlets
Servlet fundamentals
Setting up a web project in Eclipse
Configuring and running the web app with servlets
GET and POST request in web application with demo
Servlet lifecycle
Servlets Continued
Session tracking and filter
Forward and include Servlet request dispatchers

Java Server Pages (JSP)

Fundamentals of Java Server Page
Writing a code using JSP
The architecture of JSP
JSP Continued
JSP elements: Scriptlets, expressions, declaration
JSP standard actions
JSP directives
Introduction to JavaBeans
ServletConfig and ServletContext
Servlet Chaining
Cookies Management
Session Management

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Introduction to Hibernate
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ORM features
Hibernate as an ORM framework
Hibernate features
Setting up a project with Hibernate framework
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Hibernate Architecture

POJO (Plain Old Java Object)

POJO (Plain Old Java Object)
Persistent Objects
Lifecycle of Persistent Object

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