The network layer is split into two sublayers: routing layer which handles the transfer of packets from source to destination, and an encapsulation layer that forms the packets.
RPL Protocol
RPL stands for Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network. it’s a distance-vector protocol that supports a variety of knowledge Link Protocols. RPL builds a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) which has just one route from each leaf node to the basis. All the traffic during this DODAG is routed through the basis. Initially, each node sends a DODAG Information Object (DIO) announcing them self as a root. This information travels within the network, and complete DODAG is gradually built. When a replacement node wants to hitch the network, it sends a DODAG Information Solicitation (DIS) request and root responds back with a DAO Acknowledgment (DAO-ACK) confirming the join.
CORPL Protocol
CORPL protocol is that the extension of the RPL protocol, which is termed as cognitive RPL. This network protocol is meant for cognitive networks and uses DODAG topology. CORPL protocol makes two new modifications within the RPL protocol. It uses opportunistic forwarding to forward a packet between the nodes. Each node of CORPL protocol keeps the knowledge of forwarding set instead of parents only maintaining it. Each node updates its changes to its neighbour using DIO messages. On the idea of this updated message, each node frequently updates its neighbour for constant forwarder set.
CARP Protocol
CARP (Channel-Aware Routing Protocol) may be a distributed routing protocol. it’s designed for underwater communication. it’s lightweight packets in order that it are often used for Internet of Things (IoT). It performs two different functionalities: network initialization and data forwarding. CARP protocol doesn’t support previously collected data. Hence, it’s not beneficial for those IoT or other application where data is modified frequently. The upgradation of CARP is completed in E-CARP which overcomes the limitation of CARP. The E-CARP allows the sink node to save lots of previously received sensory data.
6LoWPAN
The 6LoWPAN protocol refers to IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network which uses a light-weight IP-based communication to travel over low rate networks. it’s limited processing ability to transfer information wirelessly using an online protocol. So, it’s mainly used for home and building automation. The 6LoWPAN protocol operates only within the two .4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer rate. it’s a maximum length of 128-bit header packets.
6LowPAN Security Measure
Security may be a major issue for 6LowPAN communication Protocol. There are several attacks issues at the safety level of 6LoWPAN which aim is to direct destruction of the network. Since it’s the mixture of two systems, so, there’s an opportunity of attack from two sides that targets all the layer of the 6LoWPAN stack (Physical layer, link layer, Adaptation layer, Network layer, Transport layer, Application layer).
Properties of 6LowPAN protocol
• Standard: RFC6282
• Frequency: Used over a spread of other networking media including Bluetooth Smart (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz)
• Range: NA
• Data Rates: NA
IoT Session Layer Protocols
The session layer protocols review standards and protocols for message passing. Different standardization organizations introduce the IoT session layer protocols. There are differing types of session layer protocol available with different functionality and range. MQTT and CoAP provide these needs through small message sizes, message management, and light-weight message overhead.
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) may be a messaging protocol which was introduced by IBM in 1999. it had been initially built for monitoring sensor node and faraway tracking in IoT. Its suits are small, cheap, low-memory and low-power devices. MQTT provides embedded connectivity between applications and middleware in one side and another side it connects networks and communicators.
MQTT protocol is predicated on publish/subscribe architecture. The publish/subscribe architecture consists of three major components: publishers, subscribers, and a broker. consistent with IoT point of view, publishers are lightweight sensor devices that send their data to connected broker and goes back to sleep whenever possible. Subscribers are applications, which have an interest during a certain topic or sensory data, in order that they are connected to brokers to be told whenever new data are received. The broker receives the sensory data and filters them in several topics and sends them to subscribers consistent with interest within the topics.

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SMQTT (Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
SMQTT (Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is an extension of MQTT protocol which uses encryption supported lightweight attribute encryption. the most advantage of this encryption is that it’s a broadcast encryption feature. during this features, one message is encrypted and delivered to multiple other nodes. the method of message transfer and receiving consists of 4 major stages:
1. Setup: during this phase, the publishers and subscribers register themselves to the broker and obtain a secret passkey.
2. Encryption: When the info is published to broker, it’s encrypted by broker.
3. Publish: The broker publishes the encrypted message to the subscribers.
4. Decryption: Finally the received message is decrypted by subscribers with an equivalent passkey.
SMQTT is proposed only to reinforce MQTT security feature.
CoAP
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) may be a session layer protocol that gives the RESTful (HTTP) interface between HTTP client and server. it’s designed by IETF Constrained RESTful Environment (CoRE) working party . it’s designed to use devices on an equivalent constrained network between devices and general nodes on the web . CoAP enables low-power sensors to use RESTful services while meeting their low power constraints. This protocol is specially built for IoT systems based on HTTP protocols.
This network is employed within the limited network or during a constrained environment. the entire architecture of CoAP consists of CoAP client, CoAP server, REST CoAP proxy, and REST internet.

The data is shipped from CoAP clients (such as smartphones, RFID sensors, etc.) to the CoAP server and therefore the same message is routed to REST CoAP proxy. the remainder CoAP proxy interacts outside the CoAP environment and uploads the info over REST internet.
DDS
DDS (Data Distribution Service) may be a middleware (sometimes called machine-to-machine (M2M)) communication protocol. it’s implemented by the thing Management Group (OMG) standard for the real-time system with high speed and high-performance, scalable, dependable, and interoperable data exchange. This communication protocol is predicated on a publish-subscribe pattern for sending and receiving data, events, and commands among the nodes.
The DDS protocol has two main layers:
• Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe (DCPS): This layer delivers the knowledge to subscribers.
• Data-Local Reconstruction Layer (DLRL): This layer provides an interface to DCPS functionalities, permitting the sharing of distributed data amongst IoT enabled objects.
So, this brings us to the end of blog. This Tecklearn ‘IoT Network Layer and Session Layer Protocols’ blog helps you with commonly asked questions if you are looking out for a job in Internet of Things (IoT). If you wish to learn IoT and build a career in Internet of Things (IoT) domain, then check out our interactive, Internet of Things (IoT) Training, that comes with 24*7 support to guide you throughout your learning period. Please find the link for course details:

IoT (Internet of Things) Training

Internet of Things (IoT) Training

About the Course

Internet of Things or IoT, as it is widely known, simply put, is a network of devices which can communicate with each other with regards to sending, receiving and analyzing data. Tecklearn’s IoT Training as an online training platform delivers you the best in the industry IoT knowledge by certified and experienced trainers to master IoT. Interactive sessions include two real-time projects to provide in-depth understanding of advanced IoT concepts that covers IoT methods and technologies, application deployment, network and communication protocols and integrations, security measures and real-time data management on the internet. You will learn IoT introduction, significance, building your own IoT devices, sensors, IoT communication and security. This training will help you be a part of the IoT revolution underway around the globe.

Why Should you take IoT (Internet of Things) Training?

• The average salary for an IoT Engineer is $163,514 per year in the United States. (Indeed.com)
• Many industries such as Eddie Stobart Transport and Logistics Company, the Amazon, Dell, Aviva, German Auto Manufacturer Daimler, the John Deere Company and Walt Disney Land are all utilizing the Internet of Things technology to monitor various activities and advance their existing systems.
• Gartner Says 5.8 billion Enterprise and Automotive IoT Endpoints Will Be in Use in 2020

What you will Learn in this Course?

Introduction to Internet of Things
• What is IoT, how does it work
• IoT vs IIoT
• Business Cases of IIoT
• Industry 4.0
• Properties of IoT device
• IoT Ecosystem
• IoT Decision Framework
• IoT Solution Architecture Models
• How IoT is Transforming Businesses
• Major IoT Boards in Market
IoT Communication Protocols
• Types of wireless communication
• Major wireless Short-range communication devices and properties
• Comparison of these devices (Bluetooth, WIFI, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN)
• Major wireless Long-range communication devices and properties, Comparison of these devices (Cellular IoT, LPWAN)
IoT Architecture
• The IoT Stack Architecture and the various components and layers
• The app, the data processing and platform
• IoT OS like Contiki, FreeRTOS and mbe
• The edge and the connected thing or device
IoT Sensors and Device Platforms
• Introduction to IoT Sensors and the role they play in getting the IoT systems work efficiently
• Micro-electromechanical systems revolutionizing IoT sensors
• Use Case of Water Quality Monitoring
• Use Case: Sericulture
• Difference between microcontroller and microprocessor
• IoT Device Platforms – Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc
• Smartphone Centric Architecture
• IoT Application Layer protocols
• Hands On
Arduino Platform and Arduino Interfacing
• Arduino physical board, libraries and the Integrated Development Environment
• Arduino Shields various operations such as heat and light sensing, GPS, UI display
• Programming Arduino using C language
• Controlling external devices using pins on the Arduino board
• The Arduino Interface
• Reading inputs from various sources and providing an output
• Working with sensors for sensing and controlling the physical world
• Deploying various types of sensors and connecting it to the Arduino
• Constant conversion between analog and digital signals for information exchange between the physical and digital domains
• Hands On
Raspberry Pi Platform and Raspberry Pi Interfacing
• Introduction to Raspberry Pi
• Set up of Raspberry Pi environment
• Coding for the Raspberry Pi using Python
• Deploying Python-based Integrated Development Environment
• Interfacing the Raspberry Pi with the physical world
• Introducing the various input and output devices
• Raspberry Pi expansion boards for building complex hardware setup
• Real-time demo of Raspberry Pi interfacing
• Hands On
Arduino Uno Wifi and IoTivity
• Iotivity
• Iotivity Architecture
• Hands On
Netduino Platform and Netduino Interfacing
• Introduction to Netduino Platform
• Setting up the Netduino environment
• Coding for the Netduino
• Interfacing the Netduino with the physical world
• Introducing the various input and output devices
• Real-time demo of Netduino interfacing
• Hands On
IoT for Arduino, NodeMCU and Netduino
• Control LED light using Netduino board
• NodeMCU
• Blynk
Project: Building WSN with MQTT, Raspberry Pi & Arduino
Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section and we will get back to you.

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